Project Africa

Rabies

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Countries are in rural areas or in areas where large numbers of dogs are.

How to prevent this disease? Any animal bite should receive immediate attention. Cleaned the wound with plenty of soap and water, get medical help and advice on preventative treatment after exposure.

There are no requirements for vaccination, but pre-exposure vaccination is recommended:

- Travelers visiting more than 30 days, foreign areas where rabies is known to exist.

- Veterinarians and animal handlers;

- Spelunkers

- Some of the laboratory staff.

Schistosomiasis

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The countries are southern African countries of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Risk is a function of frequency and degree of contact with contaminated fresh water for bathing, wading or swimming.

How to prevent this disease? Swimming in fresh water in rural areas should be avoided. The water bath should either be heated to 50 � C for five minutes or treated with chlorine or iodine as done for drinking water. Screening and schistosomiasis is treatable with drugs. Avoid contact with potentially contaminated water.

Hepatitis B

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The countries are South Africa. How can it be transferred?

(1) direct contact with blood or other body fluids.

(2) intimate sexual contact with an infected person.

(3) the duration of the journey.

How to prevent this disease? Vaccination and / or a reduction in close contact with persons suspected of being infected. Vaccination is recommended and should begin 6 months before you travel.

CDC recommends vaccination with one of the following: any health care worker (medical, dental or laboratory) whose activities may result in exposure of blood, each traveler who may have intimate sexual contact with local people, each long-term (6 months or more rating) , for example, teachers who live in rural areas or on a daily physical contact with the local population, or any traveler who is likely to seek both medical, dental or other treatment in local facilities during their stay.

AIDS

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Countries in the region of South Africa. However, little information is available on the rates of infection or the degree of risky behavior.

How to prevent this disease? No effective vaccine has been developed for HIV. Avoid sexual contact or needle sharing with a person who is HIV positive. If blood transfusion is necessary, screened blood should be HIV-negative blood donors, avoid activities known to pose a risk to HIV infection.

Parasites

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The countries are South Africa. There are many types of parasites and infection may occur in several ways: by eating undercooked meat infected with parasites or their larvae, by eating or drinking water contaminated with parasites or their eggs; through contact with soil or water infected with parasites, by insect bites. Travellers should wear shoes and avoid swimming, wading pool, or washing in fresh water.

How to prevent this disease? Eat only thoroughly cooked food, drinking clean water, wear shoes, refrain from swimming in fresh water and avoid contact with insects, particularly mosquitoes, biting flies and mosquitoes and flies.

Diseases transmitted by close contact.

Hepatitis

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Countries are in rural areas and numerous trips to the countryside, close contact with local people, or eating in settings of poor sanitation.

How to prevent this disease? The virus is inactivated by boiling or cooking to 85 degrees Celsius per minute, eating thoroughly cooked foods and drinking only purified water. Havrix, hepatitis A vaccine is currently approved for use in the U.S., or immunoglobulin (IG) is recommended before travel to people 2 years or older. Hepatitis vaccine is beneficial for people planning to travel repeatedly or reside for long periods of time in intermediate or high risk areas. Immunoglobulin is recommended for travelers <2 years old. For people of all ages who desire only short term protection.

CDC recommends hepatitis A vaccine or IG for protection against hepatitis A should be given in two series after the second dose administered 6-12 months after the first.

Immunoglobulin should be used for travelers <2 years old. Short-term protection.

Cholera

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Countries: Most of the countries of Southern Africa. Travellers should consider the vaccine if you have stomach ulcers, use anti-acid treatment, or if they live in less than sanitary conditions in areas with high cholera activity.

How to prevent this disease? Follow the standard food and water precautions of eating only thoroughly cooked food, peeling their own fruit and drink boiled water or bottled carbonated water or bottled carbonated beverages. Available vaccine is only 50% effective in reducing disease, and is not recommended routinely for travelers. The first cycle is usually two injections with booster doses given every 6 months for those who remain at high risk. Not recommended for children under 6 months of age or for pregnant women.

Typoid

Czwartek 14 Czerwiec

Southern Africa countries, particularly smaller cities, villages, or rural areas.

How to prevent this disease? By drinking only bottled or boiled water and eating only thoroughly cooked food. There are vaccines that have been shown to protect 70 - 90% of the audience. Therefore, even vaccinated travelers should be careful in choosing the food and water. The oral vaccine consists of four capsules taken on alternate days for seven days. The second vaccine consists of a primary series of two injections at an interval of at least 4 weeks.

CDC recommends typhoid vaccination for travelers who are outside the usual tourist routes. However, typhoid vaccination is not required for international travel.

Dengue Fever

Czwartek 14 Czerwiec

The countries are South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. The risk of infection is low for most travelers except during periods of epidemic transmission.

How to prevent this disease? There is no vaccine for dengue fever therefore the traveler should avoid mosquito bites. These mosquitoes bite mainly during the day.

Yellow Fever

Czwartek 14 Czerwiec

There is little or no risk of yellow fever in South Africa. However, some countries Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland, and require a yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry. Botswana and Helena does not require yellow fever vaccination.

How to prevent this disease? YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION entry. Central African country, the easiest and safest yellow fever vaccination and a signed certificate. Yellow fever vaccination may be used in adults and children over 9 months of age. The amplifier is needed every 10 years. Children under 4 months MUST be vaccinated. Also, people are severely allergic to eggs should not receive the vaccine. Not recommended for those who are pregnant or whose immune system is not functioning normally. Travellers should use measures to reduce exposure to mosquitoes and protect themselves from mosquito bites.

Yellow Fever certificate:

After inoculation International Certificate of Vaccination is issued and is valid for 10 days after vaccination to meet entry and exit requirements for all countries.

Malaria

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Malaria risk areas are: Botswana: the northern part of the country, Namibia: Ovamboland and Caprivi, South Africa: rural areas, north, east and western low altitude areas of Transvaal, Natal coastal areas; Swaziland: lowland areas, Zimbabwe: HIGH risk exists throughout the year. In Lesotho and St. Helena, there is no risk.

How to prevent this disease? Travellers should take Mefloquine to prevent malaria. It should be taken one week before leaving, weekly while in malarious area, and every week for 4 weeks after leaving the malarious area.

Travellers should use measures to reduce exposure to malaria-carrying mosquitoes and protect themselves from mosquito bites. These mosquitoes bite mainly at night, from dusk to dawn.

In Africa, less and less water

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The amount of water on the African continent could be reduced by up to one quarter to the end of the XXI century - South African researchers warn in the journal "Science". As a cause of catastrophic change indicate global warming.

Researchers at the University Kapsztadzkiego tried to investigate how global climate change will affect rainfall in Africa. Their absence has become a major cause of the difficult situation on the continent - for example, can now be prevailing drought in East Africa.

The study confirms the idea that rainfall has a direct and crucial impact on the provisioning of streams and rivers in the water - so the water supply in certain regions. If during the year in the area will fall less than 400 millimeters of rain - this means in terms of African rivers and streams that do not receive any further "water supply". Above this value - from 400 to 1000 mm of precipitation per year, gradually increasing the power of rivers in rain water.

This means that in some regions of the continent less annual rainfall may exacerbate water scarcity. For example, in the average annual rainfall of 500 mm, 10-percent reduction in this amount would reduce the quantity of water resources as much as half!

The most "resistant" to these changes are the areas with the highest moisture content (Congo) and the driest - Sahara.

Semi-arid areas such as South Africa and the Sahel, are the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change - warn the authors. "The key issue will be the native, so proper management of water resources, especially in areas where major rivers cross national boundaries. There could cause water shortages, even armed conflicts" - the researchers write.

Smaller water resources are not the only risks associated with changes in rainfall patterns in Africa. To the east of the continent, as scientists predict, the amount of rainfall has even slightly increased - this does not mean good news for the local population. Additional water will go for and expand existing marsh areas there, which in turn may contribute to the formation of various epidemics.

In some areas of Africa, water is less and less, in others a slight excess can be dangerous to the health of the population. Research by the University Kapsztadzkiego show, first, that adaptation to climate change in Africa will be more difficult than previously thought.

Well of Hope Foundation

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Water - the most endangered natural goodness
needed to live and not to replace

1.2 billion people lack adequate access to it
2.6 billion live without sanitation simplest
In 2025, 3 billion will not have sufficient access to potable water
an average of 10 km African children to overcome to bring the family water
4000 children a day die from diseases resulting from consumption of contaminated water

Providing access to drinking water on Earth requires a lot of money. According to Amnesty International, the biggest problem is corruption!

Well of Hope Foundation creates access to drinking water in the poorest parts of the world by building wells and sanitation
Small steps are helping directly to local communities

We carry out specific projects, of which we know are important to local communities.
The collected funds in the total invested in providing access to drinking water. All operating costs of the Foundation, the evaluation of projects or charity organizations are covered directly by the founders of The Well of Hope Foundation.
On site we work with the local Catholic missions. The missionaries give us knowledge about the needs, ensure that the money reaches the beneficiary and will be properly used, and the resulting systems will operate properly for many years.
We work with professionals who provide a choice of solutions to check the local conditions.
We require local communities to contribute their own - for example, villagers work or obtain local materials. We build in this way not only well, but also a sense of responsibility for its proper operation.
Everyone realized that we document the project in detail.

Multi-donor trust us. With their support we built eight wells in Cameroon and water and sanitation facilities for the village in Madagascar.
Other projects are waiting for sponsors.

Thirsty Africa

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Africa is one of the few regions in the world, in which the unifying and organizing space are natural river. More than 30% of the continent are areas of outflow (most of the western part of the Sahara and Kalahari, some areas within the Great Rift Valley), located within the zone of extremely dry tropical climate. Here are typical of periodic streams and dry valleys, the so-called. wadi, which fills with water only after episodic rainfall. For 1/3 of the continent's rivers are permanently associated with the moist equatorial region and podr�wnikowymi zones. The largest river is the Niger in West Africa, to which banks can access the following countries: Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin.

In Central Africa the western periphery of the region is drained into the Atlantic through such rivers as Ogove, Sanaga and Benue (a tributary of the Niger).

In South Africa, river network is poor, and most courses is a periodic or episodic. However, considerable hydroelectric resources. The largest is the Zambezi River (2660 km long and 1 330 000 km2 catchment area), which was built two great hydrow�z�y: Cabore Bassa and Kariba. Water is one of the most serious problems of modern Africa. In countries such as Ethiopia, Sudan, RSA, Uganda and Mozambique less than 30% of the population is able to use potable water, only Libya and Egypt is characterized by a high 80% rate of access to water.

The main problem in Africa is the lack of drinking water. There is no footage available to it and indicators of pollution often exceeds acceptable norms. De facto, these tanks are the main cause of diseases and parasites developing hatchery at a later stage in the human body. As the winds "death spiral": dirty water - the disease - no drugs.

Most experts agree that water resources in Africa are not effectively distributed to the regions in which the deficiencies occur. There are also carried out the appropriate action for its collection. In sub-Saharan Africa irrigation works are carried out on only 18% of 39.4 million. hectares of land potentially suitable for cultivation.

World Health Organization estimates that over 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to clean, safe drinking water. Every day, about six thousand die. children from diseases associated with drinking water shortages. This means that every 15 seconds a child dies. By "no access" means that she is not within 15 minutes of walking, which is that going to the water (there and back) takes at least half an hour. For us, going on an expedition to the bathroom more than half an hour is a long time. But in Africa, for example, over 40% of women in one course devoted to the water at least an hour. A study in Kenya found that the average for the country to two hours. But in Africa there are also areas where the daily collection of water takes up to eight hours! Analysis of rural areas in Africa have shown that when water goes up there, an average of 10 kilometers. And in the dry season - even twice as far.

Several hours or 20 kilometers does not sound too appealing, but it still embraces the imagination. But when we multiply the result by the daily every day of the year or the number of women forced to roam in search of water, we get the cosmic numbers. Calculated for the same residents of South Africa, looking for water, including the pass 16 times the distance from the earth to the moon and back.

Crane

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Crane

Origin: Eurasia, the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, western Asia. He lives in the meadows, around lakes, cultivated fields, but far from human habitat.

Features: Construction of a slender, like a stork, the neck long, thin, small head, ending a long sharp beak. Coloration black and white head, the back carmine, the ends of feathers black. The tail made of feathers in the shape of pokarbowanych primaries.

Legs long, thin, black.

The body length of about 140 cm

Wingspan of 240 cm

weight 5-6 kg

Lifestyle: migrating bird. Herds are formed in the shape of a key issue for the typical loud sounds. During the flight adopt an attitude of erect, wings moving slowly, but in a large range of motion.

Diet: rodents, insects, seeds.

Reproduction: The ports are building on the ground with different plants, with a diameter of 80 cm, make them in quantities of two eggs, they are gray-green or greyish yellow color. Are incubated for about one month, the young birds are kept in the nest about 65 days.